Sightseer Surge
Japan has seen a steady rise in visitors. Now set to break a record, can the tourism industry keep pace?
After more than two years of isolation and a slow reopening, Japan has steadily reclaimed its status as a top destination. The impressive bounce back began in 2023, when 25.06 million visitors lifted inbound tourism to 79 percent of the pre-pandemic record. The country is now on course to shatter its record of 31.88 million travelers, set in 2019.
In fact, the rebound has been so great that the pendulum has swung from tourism drought to flood. But with the economic benefits come strains on the hospitality industry. It is no longer a question of if Japan will recover, but rather how it will rise to the challenge of serving up its famous omotenashi to so many visitors.
Moving Past the Pandemic
In 2023, The ACCJ Journal reported on Japan’s reopening. Since the easing of border restrictions, the influx of tourists has had a positive impact on the hospitality industry.
Part of what continues to make Japan an attractive destination is its evergreen allure as a place of rich culture and history. “Japan has significantly boosted global awareness of its many attractions through marketing efforts such as the Cool Japan campaign and the strategic use of social media,” said Karl Hudson, area vice president of Japan and Guam for Marriott International, Inc.
More recently though, one of the most-mentioned drivers has been currency trading. Hudson continued: “The weak yen is having a significant impact on tourism operations in Japan, influencing both inbound and domestic tourism. On the positive side, it has made Japan a more affordable destination for foreign tourists, leading to a surge in inbound tourism.”
These travelers spent nearly ¥5.3 trillion in 2023. Despite the total number of visitors not reaching 2019 numbers, spending exceeded that year’s ¥4.81 trillion. Midyear projections put the 2024 outlay at ¥8 trillion, and the Japanese government is eying ¥15 trillion by 2030.
According to The Asahi Shimbun, a significant portion of 2023’s ¥5 trillion-plus was spent on accommodations. At ¥1.83 trillion, this category accounted for 34.6 percent of the total spending. Other noteworthy expenditures were ¥1.4 trillion on shopping, ¥1.2 trillion on food and drinks, and ¥602.4 billion on transportation.
The New Challenge: Overtourism
With spending now surpassing pre-pandemic levels, the challenge lies in how to handle the ever-growing number of Japan explorers. In June, the country welcomed the most ever in a single month: 17.8 million.
“The downside [to the tourism influx] includes higher costs for imported goods, which can affect various aspects of tourism operations, from food and beverage supplies to hotel amenities,” explained Hudson. “To navigate these challenges, businesses are adopting dynamic pricing strategies, adjusting rates based on demand, seasonality, and booking trends to optimize revenue and manage costs effectively.”
Not only can these challenges cause issues for operations, but they can also impact the overall travel experience.
“You may often see long lines of foreign travelers waiting in front of train ticket counters and ticket vending machines,” noted Yasuhiro Sudo, senior vice president and Japan country manager at American Express International, Inc.
“With spending now surpassing pre-pandemic levels, the challenge lies in how to handle the ever-growing number of Japan explorers.”
These long lines, he said, are caused by travelers trying to purchase tickets, using unfamiliar machines that lack multilingual support, or interacting with agents. “This causes many foreign travelers to become tired before boarding the train, resulting in a less-than-satisfying travel experience.”
In the most-visited areas, there is a lot of strain on infrastructure, which is felt by residents and visitors alike.
A notable case study is Kyoto, which has received a significant portion of the tourism pie since borders reopened. Residents are growing uncomfortable with the number of daily visitors. As reported by NHK, of about 2,500 Kyoto residents surveyed between October and November 2023, some 86 percent said that they were annoyed by crowding in and around tourist spots. According to the survey, the impact was felt particularly on public transportation, which has become overcrowded. Tourists’ littering and overall behavior are further irritants.
Sudo said the issue is more pronounced along Japan’s Golden Route, which runs from Tokyo to Kyoto and includes stops at popular destinations such as the hot springs of Hakone, in Kanagawa Prefecture.
According to data from the Japan Tourism Agency’s 2023 Accommodation Travel Statistics Survey, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto accounted for about 70 percent of inbound lodging destinations, and there is an increasingly large bias toward staying in these cities.
Digital Transformation
In the face of these challenges, experts in the field are looking to various solutions, including in the area of digital transformation (DX).
American Express, Sudo said, is promoting the adoption of contactless payments with credit cards on public transportation so that foreign travelers can use their usual credit cards.
“This is not only for transportation,” he added, “As contactless credit card payment progresses at sightseeing spots, stores in town, shrines, temples, and other places, it can contribute to reducing congestion. Cashless, contactless payment is one of the first issues to be addressed in the tourism DX space.”
Marriott’s Hudson agrees, and shared some of their own efforts. “Our app and web merchandising have become key localization channels, enabling us to deliver targeted and relevant offers, destination content, and dining recommendations tailored to the location, tier level, and digital behaviors of each of the 210 million Marriott Bonvoy members. By adopting a federated regional approach to managing merchandising content, we achieved faster market responsiveness amid the shifting conditions following the Covid-19 pandemic.”
“In the face of these challenges, experts in the field are looking to various solutions, including in the area of digital transformation.”
Hudson also noted the efficacy of Marriott’s other DX efforts, such as their Destination Storefronts,
Dining Portal, and multilingual websites.
The digital space has been a key element in improving visitor experience, with other major players also bringing in new services, such as Universal Studios Japan’s smartphone app.
With the upcoming Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai expected to attract 28.2 million visitors—3.5 million from overseas—an important consideration is how to ensure smooth travel and minimize disruptions. “We remain hopeful that tools like the Travel Contents App, among others, will facilitate seamless access for visitors from across the globe to enjoy Osaka,” a Universal Studios Japan representative told The ACCJ Journal.
Fees and Education
Another option industry experts are eying is the introduction of taxes and other visitor fees. One such proposal was discussed at the Osaka Prefectural Assembly in March, with Governor Hirofumi Yoshimura emphasizing “the need to secure financial resources for landscape beautification and other things,” as reported by The Mainichi Shimbun.
Similar taxes and fees already have been introduced, such as July’s introduction of a ¥2,000 fee to climb Mount Fuji and the International Tourist Tax, which came into effect in 2019 and requires residents and visitors alike to pay ¥1,000 when leaving the country. ACCJ Tourism and Hospitality Committee Chair Stephen Zurcher said he is unsure of the efficacy of these measures. “When our committee members met with various Diet members last year, we found that the tourist tax usage was opaque,” he explained. “Even the Diet members did not know how the tax was being spent.”
A shortage of personnel is also making it difficult to serve visitors. “With the rapid return of strong inbound tourism, the industry is seeing higher demand for rooms, but staff levels are lower than before the pandemic,” noted Zurcher, who is also a management professor and dean of the Asian Studies program at Kansai Gaidai University. The sentiment was echoed by Hudson, who said that Marriott is also facing “staffing challenges.”
This is not a small issue. According to business research provider Teikoku Databank Ltd., more than 80 percent of inns and hotels are facing a labor shortage. And with rising visitor numbers, the discrepancy between supply and demand will only grow more prominent.
“Both imported and local talent need to be developed to support the projected growth of tourism in Japan over the next five to 10 years.”
Both Marriott and Universal Studios Japan mentioned overseas recruitment and bilingual staff as being a part of the solution, but this comes alongside a push for more domestic workers and a need to educate both.
“Bringing in foreign workers to assist the labor shortage in the hospitality industry is currently being supported to some extent,” said Zurcher. “But, beyond these workers in operational roles, the industry needs management talent, and that takes a longer-term investment in talent development on the part of the government and the industry itself. Both imported and local talent need to be developed to support the projected growth of tourism in Japan over the next five to 10 years.”
The ACCJ published a viewpoint last October entitled “Preparing Japan for the Post-Pandemic Tourism Industry,” in which it recommends that the Japanese government make education in hospitality a priority. The viewpoint notes that, while a lot has gone into the building of accommodations to match tourism growth, not enough has been done to expand training at educational institutions to keep pace.
There is a call for Japan to step up its game to be on par with other international players. “Hospitality education in Japan has historically fallen to junior colleges,” noted Zurcher. “This contrasts sharply with the rest of the world, where hospitality education is conducted primarily at four-year [colleges] and at the graduate level, often at highly regarded schools such as Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and Cornell University, as well as many excellent schools in Europe. Japan currently has no equivalent.” Education and encouraging young talent could be a much-needed part of the solution to both staffing shortages and visitor satisfaction.
Looking Forward
While the tourism surge has brought challenges, it presents an opportunity to improve services and create a better experience for tourists and residents alike. Whether through DX, education, or other approaches, finding solutions is paramount as Japan’s visitor numbers soar.
“Tourism is one of the fastest growing industry segments in Japan,” Zurcher said in closing. “Over time, tourism could become the most important industry for the country as a whole. It is in Japan’s best interest to be able to support this anticipated growth by investing in the labor supply.”
